Mu buku la wolemba waku Italy Calvino lotchedwa “The Invisible City” muli chiganizo ichi: “Mzindawu uli ngati loto, zonse zomwe zingaganizidwe zitha kulota …..”
Monga chilengedwe chachikulu cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, mzindawu uli ndi chikhumbo cha anthu cha moyo wabwino. Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, kuyambira Plato mpaka More, anthu akhala akufuna kumanga malo abwino kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mwanjira ina, kumanga mizinda yatsopano yanzeru kuli pafupi kwambiri ndi kukhalapo kwa malingaliro a anthu a moyo wabwino.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, chifukwa cha kukula kwachangu kwa zinthu zatsopano ku China komanso mbadwo watsopano wa ukadaulo wazidziwitso monga intaneti ya Zinthu, kumanga mizinda yanzeru kukuchitika, ndipo mzinda wamaloto womwe ungamve, kuganiza, kusintha, komanso kutentha ukukwaniritsidwa pang'onopang'ono.
Pulojekiti yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri m'munda wa IoT: Mizinda Yanzeru
Mapulojekiti a mizinda yanzeru ndi mizinda yanzeru akhala amodzi mwa machitidwe omwe akukambidwa kwambiri, omwe amakwaniritsidwa makamaka kudzera mu njira yolunjika komanso yogwirizana ya intaneti ya Zinthu, deta ndi kulumikizana, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana ndi ukadaulo wina.
Mapulojekiti anzeru a mzinda akuyembekezeka kukula kwambiri pamene akutsatira kusintha kuchokera ku mapulojekiti akanthawi anzeru a mzinda kupita ku mizinda yoyamba yeniyeni yanzeru. Ndipotu, kukula kumeneku kunayamba zaka zingapo zapitazo ndipo kunafulumira mu 2016. Pakati pa zinthu zina, n'zosavuta kuona kuti mapulojekiti anzeru a mzinda ndi amodzi mwa madera otsogola a IoT m'machitidwe.
Malinga ndi kusanthula kwa lipoti lofalitsidwa ndi IoT Analytics, kampani yaku Germany yofufuza za IoT, mapulojekiti anzeru a mzinda ndi mapulojekiti achiwiri akuluakulu a IoT pankhani ya gawo lapadziko lonse la mapulojekiti a IoT, pambuyo pa makampani a intaneti. Ndipo pakati pa mapulojekiti anzeru a mzinda, pulogalamu yotchuka kwambiri ndi mayendedwe anzeru, kutsatiridwa ndi mautumiki anzeru.
Kuti mizinda ikhale mzinda wanzeru "weniweni", imafunika njira yolumikizirana yomwe imalumikiza mapulojekiti ndikuphatikiza deta ndi nsanja zambiri kuti ipeze zabwino zonse za mzinda wanzeru. Pakati pa zinthu zina, ukadaulo wotseguka ndi nsanja zotseguka zidzakhala zofunikira kwambiri kuti mupite ku gawo lotsatira.
IDC ikunena kuti nsanja zotseguka mu 2018 ndi malire otsatira pakukambirana kuti zikhale nsanja ya IoT. Ngakhale izi zidzakumana ndi zopinga zina ndipo palibe kutchulidwa kwapadera kwa mizinda yanzeru, n'zoonekeratu kuti chitukuko cha nsanja zotseguka zoterezi chidzaonekera kwambiri m'malo amizinda yanzeru.
Kusintha kwa deta yotseguka kumeneku kwatchulidwa mu IDC FutureScape: 2017 Global IoT Forecast, komwe kampaniyo ikunena kuti mpaka 40% ya maboma am'deralo ndi am'madera adzagwiritsa ntchito IoT kusintha zomangamanga monga magetsi a m'misewu, misewu ndi zizindikiro zamagalimoto kukhala katundu, m'malo mwa ngongole, pofika chaka cha 2019.
Kodi zochitika zogwiritsira ntchito mzinda wanzeru ndi ziti?
Mwina sitiganiza nthawi yomweyo za mapulojekiti anzeru okhudza chilengedwe komanso mapulojekiti anzeru okhudza kusefukira kwa madzi, koma n'zosakayikitsa kuti ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa mapulojekiti anzeru a mumzinda. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe m'mizinda kukutsutsidwa, ndiye kuti ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomangira mapulojekiti anzeru a mumzinda, chifukwa amatha kupereka phindu mwachangu komanso lothandiza kwa nzika.
Zachidziwikire, zitsanzo zodziwika bwino za mzinda wanzeru zimaphatikizapo malo oimika magalimoto mwanzeru, kasamalidwe ka magalimoto mwanzeru, magetsi anzeru mumsewu ndi kasamalidwe ka zinyalala mwanzeru. Komabe, milandu iyi imakonda kuphatikiza magwiridwe antchito, kuthetsa mavuto a m'mizinda, kuchepetsa ndalama, kukonza moyo m'mizinda, ndikuyika nzika patsogolo pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana.
Zotsatirazi ndi zina mwa zochitika kapena madera okhudzana ndi mizinda yanzeru.
Ntchito za anthu onse, monga ntchito za boma, ntchito zokopa alendo, mayendedwe a anthu onse, chizindikiritso ndi kasamalidwe, ndi ntchito zodziwitsa anthu.
Chitetezo cha anthu, m'malo monga magetsi anzeru, kuyang'anira chilengedwe, kutsatira katundu, apolisi, kuyang'anira makanema ndi kuyankha mwadzidzidzi
Kukhazikika, kuphatikizapo kuyang'anira chilengedwe, kuyang'anira zinyalala mwanzeru ndi kubwezeretsanso, mphamvu mwanzeru, kuyeza kwanzeru, madzi anzeru, ndi zina zotero.
Zomangamanga, kuphatikizapo zomangamanga zanzeru, kuyang'anira thanzi la nyumba ndi zipilala, nyumba zanzeru, kuthirira mwanzeru, ndi zina zotero.
Mayendedwe: misewu yanzeru, kugawana magalimoto olumikizidwa, malo oimika magalimoto mwanzeru, kasamalidwe ka magalimoto mwanzeru, kuyang'anira phokoso ndi kuipitsa mpweya, ndi zina zotero.
Kuphatikiza kwambiri ntchito ndi mautumiki a mzinda wanzeru m'magawo monga chisamaliro chaumoyo chanzeru, maphunziro anzeru, ulamuliro wanzeru, kukonzekera mwanzeru, ndi deta yanzeru/yotseguka, zomwe ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa mizinda yanzeru.
Kuposa mzinda wanzeru wozikidwa pa "ukadaulo"
Pamene tikuyamba kupita ku mizinda yanzeru kwambiri, njira zokhudzana ndi kulumikizana, kusinthana deta, nsanja za IoT, ndi zina zambiri zipitiliza kusintha.
Makamaka pazochitika zambiri zogwiritsidwa ntchito monga kusamalira zinyalala mwanzeru kapena malo oimika magalimoto mwanzeru, ukadaulo wa IoT wa ntchito zamakono za mzinda wanzeru ndi wosavuta komanso wotchipa. Malo okhala m'mizinda nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malo abwino olumikizira opanda zingwe kuti azisuntha zinthu, pali mitambo, pali njira zothetsera mavuto ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira mapulojekiti a mzinda wanzeru, ndipo pali maukonde olumikizirana amagetsi ochepa (LPWAN) m'mizinda yambiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe ndi okwanira kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri.
Ngakhale pali mbali yofunika kwambiri yaukadaulo pankhaniyi, pali zambiri zokhudza mizinda yanzeru kuposa pamenepo. Munthu angakambiranenso tanthauzo la "nzeru". Ndithudi, m'malingaliro ovuta komanso omveka bwino a mizinda yanzeru, ndi nkhani yokwaniritsa zosowa za nzika ndikuthetsa mavuto a anthu, anthu ndi madera akumatauni.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina: mizinda yokhala ndi mapulojekiti anzeru opambana m'mizinda si ziwonetsero za ukadaulo, koma zolinga zomwe zakwaniritsidwa potengera malingaliro onse a malo omangidwa ndi zosowa za anthu (kuphatikizapo zosowa zauzimu). Mwachizolowezi, ndithudi, dziko lililonse ndi chikhalidwe chilichonse ndi zosiyana, ngakhale zosowa zoyambira ndizofala kwambiri ndipo zimaphatikizapo zolinga zambiri zogwirira ntchito komanso zamabizinesi.
Pakati pa chilichonse chotchedwa nzeru masiku ano, kaya ndi nyumba zanzeru, ma gridi anzeru kapena mizinda yanzeru, pali kulumikizana ndi deta, zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi ukadaulo wosiyanasiyana ndikumasuliridwa mu luntha lomwe limayambitsa kupanga zisankho. Zachidziwikire, izi sizikutanthauza kuti kulumikizana ndi intaneti ya Zinthu zokha; madera ogwirizana ndi nzika ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Popeza pali mavuto ambiri padziko lonse lapansi monga kukalamba ndi mavuto a nyengo, komanso "maphunziro omwe taphunzira" kuchokera ku mliriwu, n'zoonekeratu kuti ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale lonse kuganiziranso cholinga cha mizinda, makamaka popeza gawo la chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso moyo wabwino nthawi zonse zidzakhala zofunika kwambiri.
Kafukufuku wa Accenture wofufuza ntchito za anthu onse zomwe zimayang'ana nzika, womwe unafufuza momwe ukadaulo watsopano umagwiritsidwira ntchito kuphatikizapo intaneti ya Zinthu, unapeza kuti kusintha kukhutitsidwa kwa nzika kunali pamwamba pa mndandanda. Monga momwe chithunzi cha kafukufukuyu chikusonyezera, kusintha kukhutitsidwa kwa antchito kunalinso kwakukulu (80%), ndipo nthawi zambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano wolumikizidwa kwabweretsa zotsatira zooneka.
Kodi ndi mavuto otani omwe amakumana nawo kuti munthu akhale ndi mzinda wanzeru kwambiri?
Ngakhale kuti mapulojekiti anzeru a mzinda akukula ndipo atsopano akuyambitsidwa ndikuyikidwa, padzatenga zaka zingapo tisanatchule mzinda kuti "mzinda wanzeru".
Mizinda yanzeru ya masiku ano ndi masomphenya chabe osati njira yolunjika yopezera zinthu. Tangoganizani kuti pali ntchito yambiri yoti ichitike pa zochitika, katundu ndi zomangamanga kuti mukhale ndi mzinda wanzeru, ndipo ntchitoyi ingamasuliridwe kukhala mtundu wanzeru. Komabe, kupeza mzinda wanzeru weniweni n'kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha mbali zake.
Mu mzinda wanzeru, madera onsewa ndi ogwirizana, ndipo izi sizinthu zomwe zingatheke mwadzidzidzi. Pali nkhani zambiri zakale, monga ntchito ndi malamulo ena, maluso atsopano amafunika, maubwenzi ambiri amafunika kupangidwa, ndipo pali mgwirizano wambiri woti uchitike pamlingo uliwonse (kayendetsedwe ka mzinda, mautumiki aboma, mautumiki oyendera, chitetezo ndi chitetezo, zomangamanga za boma, mabungwe aboma ndi makontrakitala, mautumiki ophunzitsa, ndi zina zotero).
Kuphatikiza apo, kuchokera ku ukadaulo ndi njira, n'zoonekeratu kuti tifunikanso kuyang'ana kwambiri pa chitetezo, deta yayikulu, kuyenda, ukadaulo wamtambo ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zolumikizirana, komanso mitu yokhudzana ndi chidziwitso. N'zoonekeratu kuti chidziwitso, komanso kasamalidwe ka chidziwitso ndi ntchito za deta, ndizofunikira kwambiri mumzinda wanzeru wa lero ndi wamtsogolo.
Vuto lina lomwe silinganyalanyazidwe ndi maganizo ndi kufunitsitsa kwa nzika. Ndipo ndalama zothandizira mapulojekiti a mzinda wanzeru ndi chimodzi mwa zopinga. M'lingaliro limeneli, ndi bwino kuona zoyesayesa za boma, kaya za dziko lonse kapena zapadziko lonse, zokhudzana ndi mizinda yanzeru kapena zachilengedwe, kapena zoyambitsidwa ndi osewera m'makampani, monga Pulogalamu ya Cisco's Urban Infrastructure Finance Acceleration.
Koma momveka bwino, zovuta izi sizikuletsa kukula kwa mizinda yanzeru ndi mapulojekiti anzeru mumzinda. Pamene mizinda ikugawana zomwe yakumana nazo ndikupanga mapulojekiti anzeru okhala ndi maubwino omveka bwino, ili ndi mwayi wokulitsa ukatswiri wawo ndikuphunzira kuchokera ku zolephera zomwe zingachitike. Poganizira za njira yomwe ikuphatikizapo anthu osiyanasiyana okhudzidwa, ndipo izi zikulitsa kwambiri mwayi wa mapulojekiti anzeru am'mizinda yamakono omwe alipo mtsogolo, ogwirizana kwambiri.
Onani bwino mizinda yanzeru
Ngakhale kuti mizinda yanzeru imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ukadaulo, masomphenya a mzinda wanzeru ndi ochulukirapo kuposa pamenepo. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa mzinda wanzeru ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyenera kuti moyo wonse ukhale wabwino mumzinda.
Pamene chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi chikuchulukirachulukira, mizinda yatsopano ikufunika kumangidwa ndipo madera omwe alipo kale akupitilira kukula. Ukagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, ukadaulo ndi wofunikira kwambiri pothana ndi mavutowa ndikuthandizira kuthetsa mavuto ambiri omwe mizinda yamasiku ano ikukumana nawo. Komabe, kuti pakhale dziko lanzeru, pakufunika malingaliro ambiri.
Akatswiri ambiri amaona bwino mizinda yanzeru, poganizira zolinga ndi ukadaulo, ndipo ena angatchule pulogalamu iliyonse yam'manja yopangidwa ndi gawo lililonse kuti pulogalamu yanzeru yamzinda.
1. Maganizo a anthu kuposa ukadaulo wanzeru: kupanga mizinda kukhala malo abwino okhalamo
Kaya ukadaulo wathu wanzeru ndi wanzeru bwanji komanso kuti ungagwiritsidwe ntchito mwanzeru bwanji, tiyenera kuyang'ana zinthu zina zofunika - anthu, makamaka kuchokera m'malingaliro asanu, kuphatikizapo chitetezo ndi kudalirana, kuphatikiza ndi kutenga nawo mbali, kufunitsitsa kusintha, kufunitsitsa kuchitapo kanthu, mgwirizano wa anthu, ndi zina zotero.
Jerry Hultin, mtsogoleri wa Global Future Group, mtsogoleri wa Smart City Expo World Congress Advisory Board, komanso katswiri wodziwa bwino ntchito zanzeru mumzinda, anati, "Tingathe kuchita zinthu zambiri, koma pamapeto pake, tiyenera kuyamba ndi ife tokha."
Mgwirizano wa anthu ndi maziko a mzinda womwe anthu akufuna kukhalamo, kukonda, kukula, kuphunzira ndi kusamala, maziko a dziko la mizinda yanzeru. Monga nzika za mizinda, nzika zili ndi chifuniro chotenga nawo mbali, kusintha, ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Koma m'mizinda yambiri, samva kuti akuphatikizidwa kapena kupemphedwa kutenga nawo mbali, ndipo izi ndi zoona makamaka pakati pa anthu enaake komanso m'maiko momwe muli kuyang'ana kwambiri pa ukadaulo wa mizinda yanzeru kuti ikonze bungwe la anthu wamba, koma osayang'ana kwambiri ufulu woyambira wa anthu ndi kutenga nawo mbali.
Komanso, ukadaulo ungathandize kukweza chitetezo, koma bwanji za kudalirana? Pambuyo pa ziwopsezo, kusakhazikika kwa ndale, masoka achilengedwe, ziwawa zandale, kapena kusatsimikizika komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa nthawi m'mizinda yambiri padziko lonse lapansi, palibe chiyembekezo choti kudalirana kwa anthu kudzachepa kwambiri pakukonza mizinda yanzeru.
Ndicho chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuzindikira umunthu wa mzinda uliwonse ndi dziko lililonse; ndikofunikira kuganizira nzika payokha; ndipo ndikofunikira kuphunzira momwe zinthu zilili m'madera, mizinda ndi magulu a anthu komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito ndi chilengedwe chomwe chikukula komanso ukadaulo wolumikizidwa m'mizinda yanzeru.
2. Tanthauzo ndi masomphenya a mzinda wanzeru poganizira za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu
Lingaliro, masomphenya, tanthauzo ndi zenizeni za mzinda wanzeru zikusinthasintha nthawi zonse.
M'njira zambiri, ndi bwino kuti tanthauzo la mzinda wanzeru silinakhazikitsidwe mwala. Mzinda, osati dera la m'tawuni, ndi chamoyo komanso chilengedwe chomwe chili ndi moyo wake ndipo chimapangidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zosuntha, zamoyo, komanso zogwirizana, makamaka nzika, antchito, alendo, ophunzira, ndi zina zotero.
Tanthauzo lovomerezeka la "mzinda wanzeru" silingaganizire za momwe mzinda umasinthira kwambiri, kusintha komanso kusiyanasiyana.
Kuchepetsa mizinda yanzeru kukhala ukadaulo womwe umapeza zotsatira pogwiritsa ntchito zida zolumikizidwa, machitidwe, maukonde azidziwitso, komanso chidziwitso chochokera ku luntha lolumikizidwa komanso logwira ntchito ndi njira imodzi yofotokozera mzinda wanzeru. Koma umanyalanyaza zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za mizinda ndi mayiko, umanyalanyaza mbali za chikhalidwe, ndipo umaika ukadaulo patsogolo ndi pakati pa zolinga zosiyanasiyana.
Koma ngakhale titakhala ndi luso lamakono lokha, n'zosavuta kuiwala mfundo yakuti luso lamakono likuyenda mosalekeza komanso mofulumira, ndi mwayi watsopano ukubuka, monga momwe mavuto atsopano akuonekera pamlingo wa mizinda ndi madera onse. Sikuti ndi ukadaulo wokha womwe ukubuka, komanso malingaliro ndi malingaliro omwe anthu ali nawo pa ukadaulo umenewo, monga momwe ulili pamlingo wa mizinda, madera ndi mayiko onse.
Chifukwa ukadaulo wina umathandiza kupeza njira zabwino zoyendetsera mizinda, kutumikira nzika komanso kukonzekera mavuto omwe alipo komanso amtsogolo. Kwa ena, momwe nzika zimagwirira ntchito komanso momwe mizinda imayendetsedwera zimakhala zofunika kwambiri pamlingo waukadaulo.
Ngakhale titatsatira tanthauzo loyambira la mzinda wanzeru m'mizu yake yaukadaulo, palibe chifukwa chomwe izi sizingasinthire, ndipo zidzasintha bwino pamene malingaliro pa ntchito ndi malo aukadaulo akupitilizabe kusintha.
Komanso, mizinda ndi mabungwe, ndi masomphenya a mizinda, sizimangosiyana malinga ndi dera, malo, komanso pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu mumzinda, komanso zimasinthasintha pakapita nthawi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Feb-08-2023