1. Tanthauzo

Intaneti ya Zinthu (IoT) ndi "intaneti yolumikiza chilichonse", yomwe ndi yowonjezera komanso yokulitsa intaneti. Imaphatikiza zida zosiyanasiyana zodziwira chidziwitso ndi netiweki kuti ipange netiweki yayikulu, yomwe imazindikira kulumikizana kwa anthu, makina ndi zinthu nthawi iliyonse komanso kulikonse.

Intaneti ya Zinthu ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la mbadwo watsopano wa ukadaulo wazidziwitso. Makampani a IT amatchedwanso kuti paninterconnection, zomwe zikutanthauza kulumikiza zinthu ndi chilichonse. Chifukwa chake, "Intaneti ya Zinthu ndi intaneti ya zinthu zolumikizidwa". Izi zili ndi matanthauzo awiri: choyamba, maziko ndi maziko a intaneti ya Zinthu akadali intaneti, yomwe ndi netiweki yokulirapo komanso yokulirapo pamwamba pa intaneti. Chachiwiri, mbali ya kasitomala wake imafalikira ndi kufikira chinthu chilichonse pakati pa zinthu kuti zisinthane chidziwitso ndi kulumikizana. Chifukwa chake, tanthauzo la intaneti ya zinthu ndi kudzera mu kuzindikira ma frequency a wailesi, masensa a infrared, system global positioning (GPS), monga chipangizo chowunikira chidziwitso cha laser scanner, malinga ndi mgwirizano wa mgwirizano, ku chinthu chilichonse cholumikizidwa ndi intaneti, kusinthana chidziwitso ndi kulumikizana, kuti athe kuzindikira, malo, kutsatira ndi kuyang'anira netiweki mwanzeru.

2. Ukadaulo Wofunika

2.1 Kuzindikira Ma Radiyo Ozungulira

RFID ndi njira yosavuta yopanda zingwe yomwe imakhala ndi wofunsa mafunso (kapena wowerenga) ndi ma transponder angapo (kapena ma tag). Ma tag amapangidwa ndi zigawo zolumikizira ndi ma chip. Tag iliyonse ili ndi code yapadera yamagetsi yokhala ndi zolemba zokulirapo, zolumikizidwa ku chinthucho kuti zizindikire chinthu chomwe chikufunidwa. Imatumiza zambiri za ma wailesi kwa wowerenga kudzera mu antenna, ndipo wowerenga ndiye chipangizo chomwe chimawerenga zambirizo. Ukadaulo wa RFID umalola zinthu "kulankhula". Izi zimapatsa intaneti ya zinthu mawonekedwe olondola. Zimatanthauza kuti anthu amatha kudziwa komwe kuli zinthu ndi malo ozungulira nthawi iliyonse. Akatswiri ogulitsa ku Sanford C. Bernstein akuti mawonekedwe awa a Internet of Things RFID angapulumutse Wal-Mart $8.35 biliyoni pachaka, zambiri mwa izo zimawononga ndalama zantchito zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chosayang'ana ma code omwe akubwera pamanja. RFID yathandiza makampani ogulitsa kuthetsa mavuto awiri akuluakulu: kutha kwa zinthu ndi kutayika (zinthu zomwe zimatayika chifukwa cha kuba ndi kusokonezeka kwa unyolo wogulitsa). Wal-mart imataya pafupifupi $2 biliyoni pachaka chifukwa cha kuba kokha.

2.2 Makina Ang'onoang'ono – a Magetsi – a Makina

MEMS imayimira ma micro-electro-mechanical Systems. Ndi makina ophatikizika a micro-device opangidwa ndi micro-sensor, micro-actuator, signal processing and control circuit, communication interface ndi power supply. Cholinga chake ndikuphatikiza kupeza, kukonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso mu multi-functional micro-system, yolumikizidwa mu system yayikulu, kuti ikonze kwambiri automation, luntha ndi kudalirika kwa system. Ndi sensa yodziwika bwino. Chifukwa MEMS imapereka moyo watsopano ku zinthu wamba, ili ndi njira zawo zotumizira deta, ntchito zosungira, machitidwe ogwirira ntchito ndi mapulogalamu apadera, motero imapanga netiweki yayikulu ya masensa. Izi zimathandiza intaneti ya Zinthu kuyang'anira ndikuteteza anthu kudzera muzinthu. Pankhani yoyendetsa galimoto moledzera, ngati galimoto ndi kiyi yoyatsira ziyikidwa ndi masensa ang'onoang'ono, kotero kuti dalaivala woledzera akatulutsa kiyi ya galimoto, kiyi kudzera mu sensa ya fungo imatha kuzindikira fungo la mowa, chizindikiro chopanda zingwe chimadziwitsa galimoto nthawi yomweyo kuti "siyani kuyatsa", galimotoyo idzakhala yopumula. Nthawi yomweyo, “analamula” foni yam’manja ya dalaivala kuti atumize mauthenga kwa anzake ndi achibale ake, kuwadziwitsa komwe dalaivala ali ndi kuwakumbutsa kuti athane ndi vutoli mwachangu. Izi ndi zotsatira za kukhala “zinthu” mu dziko la Internet of Things.

2.3 Kupita ku Makina/Munthu

M2M, chidule cha makina-ku-makina /Man, ndi pulogalamu yolumikizidwa ndi netiweki yokhala ndi kulumikizana kwanzeru kwa ma terminal a Makina ngati maziko. Idzapangitsa chinthucho kugwira ntchito mwanzeru. Ukadaulo wa M2M umaphatikizapo magawo asanu ofunikira aukadaulo: makina, zida za M2M, netiweki yolumikizirana, middleware ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Kutengera nsanja ya cloud computing ndi netiweki yanzeru, zisankho zitha kupangidwa kutengera deta yomwe yapezeka ndi netiweki ya sensor, ndipo machitidwe a zinthu amatha kusinthidwa kuti azilamulira ndi kuyankha. Mwachitsanzo, okalamba kunyumba amavala mawotchi okhala ndi masensa anzeru, ana m'malo ena amatha kuyang'ana kuthamanga kwa magazi kwa makolo awo, kugunda kwa mtima kumakhala kokhazikika nthawi iliyonse kudzera pa mafoni am'manja; Mwiniwake akakhala kuntchito, sensayo imatseka madzi, magetsi ndi zitseko ndi mawindo, ndikutumiza mauthenga pafoni yam'manja ya mwiniwake nthawi zonse kuti afotokoze momwe chitetezo chilili.

2.4 Kodi Kompyuta Ingathe

Cholinga cha Cloud computing ndi kuphatikiza zinthu zingapo zotsika mtengo zamakompyuta kukhala dongosolo labwino kwambiri lokhala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu yamakompyuta kudzera mu netiweki, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yapamwamba yamabizinesi kuti ogwiritsa ntchito athe kupeza ntchito zamphamvu zamakompyuta. Limodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu za cloud computing ndikupititsa patsogolo mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito "mtambo", kuchepetsa katundu wogwiritsa ntchito, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ndikusangalala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu yamakompyuta ndi kukonza "mtambo" pakafunika. Gawo lodziwitsa la Internet of Things limapeza zambiri zambiri za data, ndipo pambuyo potumiza kudzera mu netiweki, limayika papulatifomu yokhazikika, kenako limagwiritsa ntchito cloud computing yogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri kuti lizigwiritse ntchito ndikupatsa nzeru izi, kuti pomaliza lizisinthe kukhala chidziwitso chothandiza kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.

3. Kugwiritsa ntchito

3.1 Nyumba Yanzeru

Nyumba yanzeru ndiyo njira yoyambira yogwiritsira ntchito IoT m'nyumba. Chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa ntchito za intaneti, zinthu zanzeru zapakhomo zimakhudzidwa mbali zonse. Palibe aliyense kunyumba, amene angagwiritse ntchito mafoni ndi zinthu zina, kugwiritsa ntchito makina oziziritsa mpweya wanzeru, kusintha kutentha kwa chipinda, ngakhale kuphunzira zizolowezi za wogwiritsa ntchito, kuti akwaniritse ntchito yowongolera kutentha yokha, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kupita kunyumba nthawi yotentha kuti akasangalale ndi kuzizira; Kudzera mwa kasitomala, amatha kuzindikira kusintha kwa mababu anzeru, kuwongolera kuwala ndi mtundu wa mababu, ndi zina zotero; Wifi yomangidwa mkati, imatha kuzindikira nthawi ya soketi yowongolera kutali pamagetsi, ngakhale kuyang'anira kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa zida, kupanga tchati chamagetsi kuti mukhale omveka bwino za momwe magetsi amagwiritsidwira ntchito, kukonza momwe zinthu zilili komanso bajeti; Sikelo yanzeru yowunikira zotsatira za masewera olimbitsa thupi. Makamera anzeru, masensa a zenera/zitseko, mabelu anzeru a pakhomo, zowunikira utsi, ma alamu anzeru ndi zida zina zowunikira chitetezo ndizofunikira kwambiri m'mabanja. Mutha kutuluka nthawi yake kuti mukawone momwe zinthu zilili nthawi yeniyeni pakona iliyonse ya nyumba nthawi iliyonse komanso pamalo aliwonse, komanso zoopsa zilizonse zachitetezo. Moyo wapakhomo womwe umawoneka wotopetsa wakhala womasuka komanso wokongola chifukwa cha IoT.

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3.2 Mayendedwe Anzeru

Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa Internet of Things mu magalimoto apamsewu kwakula pang'ono. Chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa magalimoto ochezera, kuchulukana kwa magalimoto kapena ngakhale kufooka kwa magalimoto kwakhala vuto lalikulu m'mizinda. Kuyang'anira momwe magalimoto amayendera nthawi yeniyeni komanso kutumiza chidziwitso kwa oyendetsa nthawi yake, kuti oyendetsa asinthe maulendo awo nthawi yake, kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa magalimoto; Dongosolo lochapira magalimoto lokha (ETC) lakhazikitsidwa pamalo olumikizirana misewu, zomwe zimasunga nthawi yolandira ndikubwezera khadi pakhomo ndi potulukira komanso zimathandizira kuyendetsa bwino magalimoto. Dongosolo loyimitsa magalimoto lomwe limayikidwa m'basi limatha kumvetsetsa nthawi ya basi komanso nthawi yofika, ndipo okwera amatha kusankha kuyenda motsatira njirayo, kuti apewe kuwononga nthawi kosafunikira. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ochezera, kuwonjezera pa kubweretsa kuthamanga kwa magalimoto, malo oimika magalimoto akukhalanso vuto lalikulu. Mizinda yambiri yakhazikitsa njira yanzeru yoyendetsera magalimoto pamsewu, yomwe imachokera pa nsanja ya cloud computing ndipo imagwirizanitsa ukadaulo wa Internet of Things ndi ukadaulo wolipira mafoni kuti agawane zida zoyimitsira magalimoto ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa magalimoto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kusavuta kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Dongosololi likhoza kugwirizana ndi mafoni am'manja ndi RADIO frequency identification mode. Kudzera mu pulogalamu ya mafoni ya APP, imatha kumvetsetsa bwino nthawi yake zambiri zoyimitsa magalimoto ndi malo oimika magalimoto, kusungitsa malo pasadakhale ndikukwaniritsa malipiro ndi ntchito zina, zomwe zimathetsa vuto la "malo oimika magalimoto ovuta, malo oimika magalimoto ovuta".

3.3 Chitetezo cha Anthu

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, zovuta za nyengo padziko lonse zimachitika kawirikawiri, ndipo mwadzidzidzi komanso kuopsa kwa masoka kukuwonjezeka kwambiri. Intaneti imatha kuyang'anira kusatetezeka kwa chilengedwe nthawi yeniyeni, kupewa pasadakhale, kupereka chenjezo msanga nthawi yeniyeni ndikuchitapo kanthu panthawi yake kuti achepetse kuopsa kwa masoka pa miyoyo ya anthu ndi katundu. Pofika mu 2013, University of Buffalo idapereka lingaliro la pulojekiti ya intaneti yakuya, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito masensa okonzedwa mwapadera omwe amaikidwa m'nyanja yakuya kuti afufuze momwe zinthu zilili pansi pa madzi, kupewa kuipitsidwa kwa nyanja, kuzindikira zinthu zapansi pa nyanja, komanso kupereka machenjezo odalirika a tsunami. Pulojekitiyi idayesedwa bwino m'nyanja yakomweko, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale maziko okulirapo. Ukadaulo wa intaneti ya Zinthu ukhoza kuzindikira mwanzeru deta ya mlengalenga, nthaka, nkhalango, zinthu zamadzi ndi zina, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yayikulu pakukonza malo okhala anthu.